Jovanovic DB, Krasic DD, Stankovic VB, Cvetkovic, NN, Vuckovic DD. Electric Field and SAR Distribution in the Vicinity of Orthodontic Brace Exposed to the Cell Phone Radiation. Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal 34(12):1904-1914. Dec 2019.
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of orthodontic brace on the electric field distribution and amount of the absorbed energy from the cell phone within the teeth. A comparative analysis of the models (child and adult) with and without brace has been carried out due to different morphological and tissue characteristics of child’s and adult’s head. The 3D realistic models of the child’s and adult’s head, with the jaw having the orthodontic brace, have been designed. The shapes and features of the child and adult head model, as well as the distance between the electromagnetic source and the exposed object, have an important role in the evaluation of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The applied procedure is based on the numerical solution of the electromagnetic waves propagation equations. The numerical analysis has been performed at the frequency of 3G (0.9GHz). The obtained results are represented within the teeth positioned on the side of the electromagnetic radiation source. Based on the obtained results, one can conclude that the presence of orthodontic brace affects the increase of electric field and SAR within the teeth.
Also it is noticeable that the electric field strength in the case of a child is higher comparing to the adult case.”
The future researches should be focused on the impact of orthodontic brace on the electric field strength and amount of absorbed energy at the frequency of LTE-4G, and the latest generation of mobile networks – 5G.”
—
August 3, 2015
A new peer-reviewed study found that cell phone use significantly
increased nickel concentration in the saliva of 50 adult patients who wore dental braces
(i.e., fixed orthodontic appliances) as compared to when they did not use their
cell phones for a week. Moreover, patients who spoke more on their cell phone had
a greater increase in salivary nickel concentration.
radiation on the release of nickel was more prominent in women” because they
spoke more on their cell phones. The females averaged 53 minutes during the week
they used their cell phones whereas the males averaged 23 minutes.
common cause of metal-induced contact allergic dermatitis. Nickel-containing
alloys are often used in orthodontics for metallic brackets, arch wires, and bands.
concentration after a fixed orthodontic appliance was inserted or a significant
increase that tapered off within three weeks after insertion. The patients in the current study had
orthodontic appliances for 2-4 months before they participated to control for this potential confounding effect of time.
measure of the maximum amount of microwave radiation absorbed by the head and the body. SAR is measured in a laboratory using an artificial model of a large
adult male with different fluids to simulate human tissue. The SAR testing
procedure, adopted in 1996, was criticized by the Government Accountability Office in 2012 because it does not simulate today’s typical user
or the way cell phones are typically used. The artificial head does not contain any metal
(e.g., dental fillings, dental braces, metallic earrings or eyeglass frames) which
could increase the radiation absorption beyond that measured in the
laboratory. The artificial body test makes the unrealistic assumption that consumers will carry their cell phones in manufacturer-approved
holders that keeps the phones a minimum distance away from their bodies.
radiation as the adult’s brain. The SAR testing procedure does not take this
into account.
was conducted on young adults who had fixed orthodontic appliances, the results
should have relevance for children who are more likely to be fitted for dental braces
than adults.
The abstract for the study and excerpts from the paper appear below.
Effect of mobile phone use on metal ion release from fixed orthodontic
appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015 Jun;147(6):719-24. doi:
10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.01.023.
of this study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to radiofrequency
electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on the level of nickel in
saliva.
healthy patients with fixed orthodontic appliances were asked not to use their
cell phones for a week, and their saliva samples were taken at the end of the
week (control group). The patients recorded their time of mobile phone usage
during the next week and returned for a second saliva collection (experimental
group). Samples at both times were taken between 8:00 and 10:00 pm, and the
nickel levels were measured. Two-tailed paired-samples t test, linear
regression, independent t test, and 1-way analysis of variance were used for
data analysis.
paired-samples t test showed significant differences between the levels of
nickel in the control and experimental groups (t [49] = 9.967; P <0.001).
The linear regression test showed a significant relationship between mobile
phone usage time and the nickel release (F [1, 48] = 60.263; P <0.001; R(2)
= 0.577).
phone usage has a time-dependent influence on the concentration of nickel in
the saliva of patients with orthodontic appliances.
phone, which may have negative effects on different organs and cells. These
negative impacts culminate from radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RFER)
emitted from mobile phones. From 1990 to 2011, worldwide mobile phone
subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 5.6 billion, and the global
pandemic usage of mobile phones was about 70% as of 2011. Insufficient understanding of the potential
adverse health effects of mobile phones have raised concerns among health care
professionals.
cavity during the conversation period and the metallic orthodontic appliances
in the mouth, there might be a serious risk in exposure of these appliances to
the mobile phone radiation. Archwires, headgear, bands, and brackets used in
orthodontics mainly consist of nickel. The harmful effects of nickel have been
systematically investigated at the levels of the cells, tissues, organs, and
organisms. According to the
International Agency for Research on Cancer, nickel compounds are classified as
carcinogenic to humans, but it is still unclear which forms of nickel pose the
greatest risk. Nickel complexes in the form of arsenides and sulphides are
carcinogenic, allergenic, and mutating substances even at nontoxic
concentrations. Nickel might induce DNA alterations mainly through basic damage
and DNA-strand scission in G12 cultured cells. Empirically, a biologic limit of
30 μg per gram has been proposed for nickel in the urine of workers exposed to
soluble nickel compounds at the end of their shifts.
dermatitis more than all other metals. Previous studies have indicated that
approximately 10% of the population is sensitive to nickel, and this
sensitivity is more commonly seen in female patients.
border of the external ear and between the mandibular ramus and the
sternocleidomastoid muscle, 4- to 10-mm deep under the skin surface) makes it a
conceivable candidate to be influenced by exposure to RFER on the side of the
head where the mobile phone is held. Some researchers, in both human and animal
studies, have confirmed that mobile phones cause significant increases in
salivary oxidative stress, salivary flow, total proteins, and albumin, whereas
amylase activity was decreased. In a nationwide case-control study, Sadetzki et
al examined the correlation between parotid gland tumors and mobile phone usage
and indicated a positive dose-dependent response trend. Thus, the RFER emitted
from mobile phones may influence the amount of nickel released from the fixed
orthodontic appliances.
exposure to RFER emitted by mobile phones can affect the level of nickel in
saliva. In addition, the effect of different times of exposure to the RFER was
evaluated on the concentration of nickel in saliva.
years; range, 23-26 years) who had fixed orthodontic appliances were selected
for the study. Candidates needed placement of full orthodontic appliances for
at least 2 months and no more than 4 months to satisfy the inclusion criterion.
use their cell phones for 1 week, and saliva samples were taken from them at
the end of the week (this was considered the control group). For the next
visit, a chronometer was given to the patients to calculate how many minutes
they used their cell phone during the second week of the experiment. At the end
of the second week, saliva samples were again collected, and the sexes, ages,
and cell phone usage times were also recorded; this was considered the
experimental group. The saliva samples were sent to the laboratory for further
analysis.
concentration of nickel ions in patients’ saliva after using their mobile
phones compared with the control group. The mobile phones used in this study
had emissions of radiation in the normal range of 800 to 2200 MHz, as mentioned
above.
phosphate were lower in the mobile user group.
Our results showed that the concentrations of nickel ions after using a
cell phone for 1 week were significantly higher than the concentrations in the
control group. This might be attributed to the greater flow rate and the lower
concentration of the components in saliva, which in turn result in more nickel
released from fixed orthodontic appliances into the saliva.
increase in nickel concentration with mobile phone usage time. In other words,
the longer the exposure to the RFEF emitted by a mobile phone, the greater the
concentration of nickel in saliva.
might cause DNA damage indirectly by influencing the release of nickel from
fixed orthodontic appliances. Thus, the necessity of studying the effects of
this radiation on metal ions released from fixed orthodontic appliances in
adjacent tissues seems to be undeniable.
that mobile phone radiation, regardless of the type of phone, can influence the
concentration of nickel in saliva in a time-dependent manner. In addition, this
adverse effect of radiation on the release of nickel was more prominent in
women because of longer usage times. Future large-scale studies, which should
include more parameters such as the effects on the parotid glands or the saliva
flow rate, are needed.
https://www.saferemr.com/2015/08/cellphone-use-may-be-harmful-for-people.html
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