Potential EMF Student Science Projects

18/03/2026
|In Health & science, Mobile, EMF, WiFi, WiGIG, Smart meters
|By Smombie Gate
Potential EMF Student Science Projects
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Physiological Responses of Plants to 2.45 Ghz Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation

Meenu L, Aiswarya S, Menon UKA, Menon SK. Physiological Responses of Plants to 2.45 Ghz Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation. 2025 IEEE Microwaves, Antennas, and Propagation Conference (MAPCON), Kochi, India, 2025, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/MAPCON65020.2025.11426735.

Abstract

This research investigates the effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation(EMR) exposure on the germination process of high-quality pea seeds, while simultaneously assessing the influence of the same on plant growth hormones. The germinating seeds are observed in a controlled environment over a 7-day period and subjected to varying intensities of electromagnetic radiation exposure along with monitoring of all the influences from the external environment. The experimental findings reveal that the germinating seeds exposed to electromagnetic radiation from the router exhibited growth retardation ranging from 21.5 % to 57.0 % depending upon the intensity and duration of electromagnetic radiation exposure. The study could act as a proof of concept to an extent in proving that the long term exposure of EMR can inhibit at least the plant growth hormones. These findings highlight the need for a more profound understanding of the environmental consequences of electromagnetic radiation and its intricate relationship with plant growth hormones. This research could also act as scientific evidence proving the ill effects of electromagnetic radiation towards living beings.
Methodology

A better understanding of the effects of EMR on the living components can be analyzed by conducting experimental investigations on plant community. Pea (Mung bean) seed is taken as the test sample and is placed under the EM source. The Linksys E4200A router is used as the electromagnetic source in a controlled environment. It is characterised by simultaneous dual frequency operation at 2.45 GHz and 5 GHz with 2×3 on 2.45 GHz and 3×3 on 5 GHz MIMO mode. It helps the router to transmit multiple signals for a period of time to improve its communication system. The existence of 6 internal antennas in the router, all operating at 2.45 GHz have the gain of 3.6 dBi [21]. So the amount of EMR that exists in the controlled environment is higher. Over the entire period of the experimentation, 5 GHz frequency is disabled. The operation of Linksys E4200A router is enabled at 2.45 GHz frequency band. Experiment is carried out in a controlled environment at a temperature of 27±2∘C and humidity of 45 %. For monitoring the effect of seed germination in the presence of electromagnetic waves, 10 pea seeds of the same quality are placed in four plane dishes at four different distances from the selected EM source. All the seeds are of the same quality and quantity and are provided with the same atmospheric conditions. Basic idea behind the selection of distance is that the effect of electromagnetic waves, the selected frequency of the router and the impact of radiation at these linear distances are varied. The distances are as follows:

  • 5 cm from the router

  • 50 cm from the router

  • 160 cm from the router

  • Radiation free environment (No EMR)

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The characteristics of these distances are in such a way that the first one is very close to the router in the near field region. The second and the third locations are at far fields from the antennas present in the router. Three planar inverted F antennas within the routers are active when 2.45 GHz frequency is enabled and the EM waves emitted are the combinations of individual antennas. Equal amounts of water that are adequate for germination of seeds under normal conditions are maintained. Same amount of pea seeds are also placed in the area where there is no influence of EMR from the router. The absence of EMR is verified using an Electromagnetic Radiation Detector (PCE-EM 29) by analyzing the electric and magnetic field in the specified location. This is to analyze the difference in growth rate with and without the involvement of EMR. Fig. 1 represents the experimental setup of the proposed germination study. Growth rates of each pea seed in individual dishes are monitored for analyzing the dependency of electromagnetic waves on germination. The variation in germination of pea seeds at three different distances from the router and without the involvement of EMR (No EMR) on the zeroth and seventh day are shown in Fig 2. From the experimentation, variations in growth rates are monitored and the observations are recorded for detailed analysis. 

Conclusion

This research investigates the relationship between electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure from a router and its effects on plant growth. By placing high-quality pea seeds at varying distances from the EM source and closely monitoring their germination over a week. The presence of EMR influences plant growth hormones, impacting the germination and growth of pea seeds. The average growth rates of seeds exposed to EMR were notably lower compared to the group without the influence of EMR, showcasing the direct effect of EMR on plant growth hormone activity. This provides scientific evidence on the influence of EMR on the plant physiological factors. Future research should expand the scope by conducting dose-response analyses to determine EMR thresholds, investigate molecular mechanisms at the genetic and biochemical levels, and extend observation periods to assess long-term effects on plant growth. The investigations are required to extend and evaluate the physiological responses of plants under EMR exposure across a broad spectrum of frequencies including the advanced 5G FR1 and FR2 bands to better understand their potential impacts on plant growth, metabolism, and hormonal activity. Additionally, studies should explore variations in plant species responses, conduct field studies to understand real-world implications, and develop mitigation strategies to minimize adverse effects of EMR. Collaborative efforts with policymakers and public awareness campaigns are crucial to establishing guidelines and educating communities about the environmental impacts of EMR.
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Some Aspects of Good Practice for Safe Use of Wi-Fi, Based on Experiments and Standards

Gorbāns I, Aleksejs Jurenoka A. Some Aspects of Good Practice for Safe Use of Wi-Fi, Based on Experiments and Standards. Applied Computer Systems. 2019. 24(2):161-165. https://doi.org/10.2478/acss-2019-0020. 

The aim of the research is to study the effect of microwave Wi-Fi radiation on humans and plants. The paper investigates national standards for permissible exposure levels to microwave radiation, measures electric field intensity and justifies the point of view regarding the safe use of microwave technologies based on multiple plant cultivation experiments at different distances from a Wi-Fi router. The results demonstrate that the radiation of Wi-Fi routers significantly impairs the growth, development, yield and unexpected drought resistance of plants at short distances from the microwave source (up to 1 m to 2 m; –33 dBm to –43 dBm; >10 V/m). Slight effects are found up to about 4.5 m from a full-power home Wi-Fi router. As a result, suggestions are made for safe and balanced use of modern wireless technologies, which can complement occupational safety and health regulations.
Conclusion


Conclusion 1. Further research is needed to more accurately and reasonably determine the allowable microwave radiation norms, it is possible that currently allowable norms may require a reduction in the future, as plants show poor growth and yield results not only in the close distance that does not meet the norms but also in the immediate areas to the radiation source, where radiation limits are not exceeded.

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Conclusion 2. However, for now, the most productive approach might be not to immediately set a lower allowable electric field intensity level, but to recommend placing the devices at a greater distance from long-term places of stay. It is possible to specify certain distances: a full-power home wireless router is considered to be completely harmless to a living being if it is at least 4.5 m to 5 m away, but it is very harmful up to 2 m. Thus, a Wi-Fi router should not be located on one’s desk or nearby shelf.

Conclusion 3. It is useful to invite the public to adjust home wireless routers, access points, repeaters to lower power, such as 2/5 or 3/5 of the maximum; it is recommended to turn off routers when they are not in use; to hold cell phones at least 10 cm from the head during a call, hands-free devices are desirable. There is no reason to delay ICT progress, as meaningful and healthy use of Wi-Fi is possible if one is aware of the risks, formal norms and best practice recommendations provided in the present study.

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