Analysis of 5G and Its Implications in the UK

He seems to be looking at a completely different set of biased scientific data to what is in Entrez Pubmed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/) when a search for electromagnetic radiation is done.

Barnes & Greenebaum (2020) (25) state: “ … it is not clear whether the biological effects seen for lower levels of exposure and long‐term exposure are not resulting in medical problems for a much larger number of people. Additionally, there seem to be a smaller number of “hypersensitive people” who have very real and serious problems that they believe are based on exposure to weak RF fields. What is missing in the current guidelines or regulations are guidelines for long‐term exposure to weak EMR.”

The ICNIRP safety guidelines further ignores many publications which show non-thermal effects of EMR – see pages 22-32 of Pall (2018). (1)

The ICNIRP group has been found to consist of a closed group on non-independent scientists with

conflicts of interest, heavily funded in most cases by the mobile industry with a lack of biomedical expertise and a heavy bias in their interpretation of scientific data relating to electromagnetic radiation such that most industry-funded research is least likely to report results suggesting adverse health effects (see report below).

The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection: Conflicts of interest , corporate capture and the push for 5G, Klaus Buchner (Ökologisch-Demokratische Partei) and Michèle
Rivasi (Europe Écologie)

https://klaus-buchner.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/ICNIRP-report-FINAL-19-JUNE-

2020.pdf?fbclid=IwAR2KXrqBWlRabA4vD9hWeneeLab2olDyJO_dE6AEkZ8IWhJWXb8mDH9ORDc

The above report states the following:

1. There have been massive conflicts of interests for ICNIRP members and the members of the WHO involved in studying EMF radiation between 1996 and 2006 under the control of Michael Repacholi (page 27).

2. The ICNIRP has a biased composition, which is “still lacking people with a relevant medical background and over-represented by physical scientists, which may not be the wisest composition when your remit is to offer advice on human health and safety to governments around the world.” (page 36).

3. Several ICNIRP-members are, or were, also members of the International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES) of the IEEE. This is an organisation in which many people from the

media and telecom industry and from the military are actively and openly involved (page 38).
4. A lot of ICNIRP-scientists have also participated in research work that was funded, or partly

funded, by the telecom industry (page 39).

5. Lloyd Morgan states “The International Committee on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) are a private, self-appointed body or NGO who together with the Advisory Group on Non-ionising Radiation (AGNIR) and Public Health England (PHE), have somehow ended up effectively setting microwave radiation exposure ‘safety’ standards for the populations of large parts of the world since the 1990s.” Morgan suspects that high-level persons in the government’s administration was “able to

have the legislation passed because almost no-one in the government understood what was happening.” (page 40)

6. Paolo Vecchia has stated “the ICNIRP guidelines are neither mandatory prescriptions for safety, the “last word” on the issue, nor are they defensive walls for Industry or others.” This statement makes it clear that the decision to adopt these guidelines into national legislation as “sufficient to protect public health” is political. The possible misuse by governments of ICNIRP and its guidelines seems to be another key question, that still needs looking into and answering.” (page 41-42)

7. National governments have their own responsibility to protect their citizens, just as the European Commission has, which after all is the ‘Guardian of the Treaty’

and therefore should also take the legally binding ‘precautionary principle’ into account. (page 42)

8. Insurance companies are back tracking from insuring telecoms companies concerning EMF risks: Swiss Reinsurance Company (Swiss Re), classified

“unforeseen consequences of electromagnetic fields” into the highest risk class, together with endocrine disrupting chemicals. “The ubiquity of electromagnetic fields (EMF) raises concerns

about potential implications for human health, in particular with regard to the use of mobile phones, power lines or antennas for broadcasting. Over the last decade, the spread of wireless devices has accelerated enormously. The convergence of mobile phones with computer technology has led to the proliferation of new and emerging technologies. This development has increased exposure to electromagnetic fields, the health impacts of which remain unknown.” (page 44)

9. Steven Weller , Victor Leach and Murray May state “that radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation is “a booming multi‐trillion-dollar industry globally, and changing current prescribed safety levels to more stringent standards would bring about unfavourable financial consequences and affect industrial and military functions.” (page 45)

Their conclusions are as follows:

1. They question the self-image of the ICNIRP because it is dominated by physical scientists. This may not be the wisest composition when its remit is to offer advice on human health and safety to governments around the world.

2. Even after much criticism from members of the global scientific community, ICNIRP still adheres to the paradigm that the only proven effects (on health) are thermal.

10.021 μW/cm2 at 925 MHz.

Significant impairment in Motor Screening Task (MOT; p = .03) and Spatial Working Memory (SWM) task (p = .04) was identified

Human

Meo et al 2018

Impairment of spatial working memory, delayed motor skills and attention in adolescents

100 μT at 50 Hz

expression of STAT6 was significantly decreased

Rat

Mahaki H et al 2019

Immune response markers downregulated in rat spleen

1800 MHz

decreases in relative heart weight and right ventricle wall thickness

Chicken

Pawlak et al 2018

Developmental damage and stress

1800 MHz

significant increase in plasma corticosterone level and decrease in fat and glycogen in the liver

Chicken

Pawlak et al 2018

Developmental damage and stress

1800 MHz at 6.8 ± 0.1 V/m and 0.06 W/kg

caspase-3 and p38MAPK gene expression were significantly upregulated in coular tissue

Rat

Eker et al 2018

Ocular cellular damage

2.0 mT at 60 Hz

number of apoptotic-like cells significantly increased

Moth larvae

Valadez-Lira et al 2017

Immune system adverse effects

2.0 mT at 60 Hz

hemolymph total protein and hemocyte cells were reduced

Moth larvae

Valadez-Lira et al 2017

Immune system adverse effects

2.0 mT at 60 Hz

higher number of oenocytoids in the 72-h-exposed larvae (28.6- fold increase)

Moth larvae

Valadez-Lira et al 2017

Immune system adverse effects

2.0 mT at 60 Hz

antimicrobial peptides cecropin, lysozyme, gallerimycin, and pgrp were downregulated

Moth larvae

Valadez-Lira et al 2017

Immune system adverse effects

2.0 mT at 60 Hz

attacin and defensin were upregulated

Moth larvae

Valadez-Lira et al 2017

Immune system adverse effects

2.1 GHz

significant increase in nitric oxide levels and decrease of β-AR responsiveness in ventricular myocytes

Rat

Olgar et al 2015

Cardiac effect

2.4 GHz

MDA levels significantly higher whereas SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly lower

Human embyonic kidney cells

Pastacı Özsobacı et al2018

Oxidative stress and apoptosis

2.45 GHz

Serum IL-6 and CRP levels significantly different in the study group compared to the control group (p < .05)

Rat

Bilgici et al 2018

Increased inflammation and testicular damage

2.45 GHz

Histopathological evaluation of testicular tissue revealed a significant difference in necrosis and spermatogenesis

Rat

Bilgici et al 2018

Increased inflammation and testicular damage

200 kV m-1

induced a decrease of testosterone , sperm quantity and acrosin activity in the male offspring

Rat

Yang et al 2018

Reproductive toxicity

2100 MHz

Deterioration in the brush border of renal tubules

Rat

Bedir et al 2018

Oxidative stress-mediated acute renal injury

2100 MHz

renal MDA levels increased, and renal GSH levels decreased

Rat

Bedir et al 2018

Oxidative stress-mediated acute renal injury

3 mT at 50 Hz

TCA cycle enzyme, fumarase was found with decreased expression

Nematode worm

Sun et al 2018

Oxidative stress

3 mT at 50 Hz

elevated concentrations of

arachidonic acid (ArA) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and increased expression of prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGES-2)

Nematode worm

Sun et al 2018

Oxidative stress

400 MHz – 3 GHz

many ipsilateral tumours found, the higher the exposure (ipsilateral vs contralateral), the longer the cumulative exposure (hours of exposure) and the longer the latency (beyond 10 years); the greater the risk

Human

Pareja-Peña et al 2020

Statistically significant brain tumour induction

8 mT at 50 and 120 Hz

alterations in the synthesis and secretion of oestradiol-17β (E2)

Pigs

Koziorowska et al 2018

Altered oestrogen hormone secretion

835 MHz at 4.0 W/kg

Expression levels of LC3B-II protein and p62, crucial autophagic regulatory proteins, changed in hippocampus

Mice

Kim et al 2018

Autophagy (stress response)

835 MHz at 4.0 W/kg

increase in the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in the hippocampal neurons

Mice

Kim et al 2018

Autophagy (stress response)

835 MHz at 4.0 W/kg

myelin sheath damage and hyperactivity-like behaviour

Mice

Kim et al 2017

Nerve damage and hyperactivity

900 MHz

marked thickening in the epineurium of sciatic nerves

Rat

Kerimoğlu et al 2018

Sciatic nerve damage

900 MHz

MDA, SOD and CAT levels were higher

Rat

Kerimoğlu et al 2018

Sciatic nerve damage

900 MHz

increase in the number of TUNEL (+) cells

Rat

Kerimoğlu et al 2018

Sciatic nerve damage

900 MHz

haemorrhage in glomerulus, vacuolization and irregularity in the proximal and distal tubular epithelium, diffuse glomerular degeneration and edema, occasional degeneration in Bowman capsules, haemorrhage in the medullary region, disturbed nucleus location and morphology, and tubular edema in the cortex

Rat

Okatan et al 2018

Kidney Damage

900 MHz

Tissue malondialdehyde increased

Rat

Türedi et al 2017

Oxidative stress and Pathological damage to kidney and bladder

1. Lowered fertility, including tissue re-modelling changes in the testis, lowered sperm count and lowered motility and other measures of lowered sperm quality, lowered female fertility including

ovarian re-modelling, oocyte (follicle) loss, lowered oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone levels (that is sex hormone levels), increased spontaneous abortion incidence, lowered libido (25 articles).

2. Neurological/neuropsychiatric effects including sleep disturbance/insomnia; fatigue/tiredness; headache; depression/depressive symptoms; lack of concentration/attention/cognitive dysfunction; dizziness/vertigo; memory changes; restlessness/tension/anxiety/stress/agitation; irritability (29 articles).

3. Effects on cellular DNA including single strand and double strand breaks in cellular
DNA and on oxidized bases in cellular DNA; also evidence for chromosomal mutations produced by double strand DNA breaks. These produce all of the important type of mutations, as described at the DNA level that have roles in cancer causation and in human whole organism mutation (24 articles). 4. Apoptosis/cell death (an important process in production of neurodegenerative diseases that is also important in producing infertility responses) (15 articles).
5. Oxidative stress/free radical damage (important mechanisms involved in almost all chronic diseases; direct cause of cellular DNA damage) (25 articles).
6. Endocrine, that is hormonal effects; Includes changes in non-steroid and also steroid hormones (15 articles).
7. Increased intracellular calcium levels, thought to be the cause in all other effects (16 articles).

8. Cancer including initiation, promotion and progression, further including tumour progression, tissue invasion and metastasis) (39 articles)
9. Cardiac effects, include tachycardia, arrhythmia and bradycardia (with bradycardia typically reported after long times of exposures). Some recent studies have also reported heart palpitations. Arrhythmias, especially when they are associated with either bradycardia or severe tachycardia, are often associated with sudden cardiac death. Sudden cardiac death causes over 5% of the total mortality in technologically advanced countries, so this could be a major source of EMR-caused fatality. (9 articles)

Tables 2 & 3 list other and more recent low level non-thermal EMR biological effects which has been found by searching Entrez Pubmed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/). These are just a fraction of the non-thermal EMR biological effects that there are in the literature as some of the articles go back as far as the 1970’s. Wilke (2018) (19)

Pall (2018) (1) also states that there are 26 different studies that have shown that EMR produces diverse non-thermal effects through voltage gated calcium channels (VGCCs) in our cells
and produce negative biological effects such as oxidative stress, cellular DNA damage and increased calcium signalling. The voltage sensors of the VGCCs are very sensitive to low intensity EMR causing

increases in intracellular calcium which has downstream very large pathophysiological effects and major cell damage. The voltage sensor of the VGCC is the predominant target of the EMR radiation and as such is currently ignored by the current safety guidelines of the ICNIRP. The effects of VGCCs are also backed up by & Doyon PR et al, (2017) (8) Herbert MR & Sage C (2013). (15) Pall (2018) (1) quotes: The failure of the “safety guidelines” to discuss the relevant physics of the voltage sensor means that the physics underlying the “safety guidelines” is deeply flawed.’

Much of the scientific evidence is pointing to deep concern regarding the dangers of 5G to our human population as well as even greater danger to delicate smaller mammals, birds and insects which “will be heavily impacted because of their large surface to volume ratios. The same thing will be true of plants where even large trees have their leaves and reproductive organs highly exposed.” Pall 2019 (2) This is because the type of radiation that 5G consists of, is the type where due to its “low penetration and very high energy deposition per unit distance, this can lead to generation of high levels of free radicals in a short distance which in turn increases the risk of skin cancer.” Mortazavi & Mehdizadeh (2019) (25).

Ziskin, M. (2013) (4) states: “The resulting “millimeter wave signal” is transmitted through the cutaneous nerve through the dorsal root ganglion into the spinal cord [Radzievsky et al.,2001]. At the first synapse in the spinal cord, there is a release of endogenous opioids. The release of

integrity, right to self-determination, privacy, and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects.” (Principle 9, page 1 of below document)

https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-

involving-human-subjects/

But Public Health England and the UK government have ignored the overwhelming amount of scientific literature that points to EMR which damages rather protects the health of the UK population

and its ecosystem.

The above mentioned UN NGO document provides clear parallels between the tobacco industry strategy and the regulatory and research capture by the wireless industry today.

Belyaev et al. in the 2016 EUROPAEM EMR Guidelines (18) state: “New wireless technologies and applications have been introduced without any certainty about their health effects, raising new challenges for medicine and society. For instance, the issue of so-called non-thermal effects and potential long-term effects of low-dose exposure were scarcely investigated prior to the introduction of these technologies. Common electromagnetic field or EMR sources: Radio-frequency radiation (RF)

(3 MHz to 300 GHz) is emitted from radio and TV broadcast antennas, Wi-Fi access points, routers, and clients (e.g. smartphones, tablets), cordless and mobile phones including their base stations, and Bluetooth devices. Extremely low frequency electric (ELF EF) and magnetic fields (ELF MF) (3 Hz to 3 kHz) are emitted from electrical wiring, lamps, and appliances. Very low frequency electric (VLF EF) and magnetic fields (VLF MF) (3 kHz to 3 MHz) are emitted, due to harmonic voltage and current distortions, from electrical wiring, lamps (e.g. compact fluorescent lamps), and electronic devices.

2.9 The Need for Change in Understanding of EMR harm

Value for money should not be at the cost of human health. The government and regulatory bodies (PHE, HPA, AGNIR, NRPB and planning committees) all need to realise that a large amount of scientific data points to very real negative biological responses, as a result of long term EMR exposure.

The UK population needs access to digital services but not at the expense of continuous harmful EMR exposure.

Digital connectivity is still viable with protective measures by using fibre optic wired technology for our homes, hospitals, workplaces and schools – see Sage & Burgio (2018) (4) which states: “Symptoms of retarded memory, learning, cognition, attention, and behavioral problems have been reported in numerous studies and are similarly manifested in autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, as a result of EMR and RFR exposures where both epigenetic drivers and genetic (DNA) damage are likely contributors. Technology benefits can be realized by adopting wired devices for education to avoid health risk and promote academic achievement.”

Wilke (2018) (19) analysed more than 100 scientific articles on 2.45 GHz radiation (level used for Wi- Fi), and found associated adverse changes in most of these studies compared to the control groups at levels below the safety guidelines of the ICNIRP. She states: “Wired solutions should be given preference. Current exposure limits and SAR values do not protect from health risks associated with Wi-Fi radiation. The adverse effects on learning, attention, and behavior serve as a basis for educational institutions of all age groups to forgo the use of Wi-Fi applications. Due to cytotoxic effects, Wi-Fi technologies are not suitable for hospitals and telemedicine. Wi-Fi technologies should not be used in bedrooms, work spaces, common lounges, hospital rooms, lecture halls, classrooms, and public transport. The possible risks associated with Wi-Fi radiation could be avoided by testing alternative technologies at other frequency bands like optical VLC/Li-Fi technologies (visible light communication). When Wi-Fi cannot be avoided as a transition solution,

the ALARA principle must be applied: no continuous transmission, instead Wi-Fi networks that can be turned off and feature dynamic power management.”

Precaution and appropriate risk management are not just about physical health, but also an issue of

economics. Both matters need to be considered in determining the public benefit and hence the national interest. The economy will also be affected if large numbers of our population are sick due to long term EMR exposure and a sick population will cause NHS costs soar, which will in effect, damage the economy, thereby delivering the opposite of value for money. Keeping the population

healthy for longer periods of time, enables the population to give longer periods of service in work, and thereby boosts the economy.

Democratic freedom in this country needs to be safeguarded, so that the policy of unlimited economic freedom is replaced by planned economic intervention of the state. Unrestrained capitalism needs to give way to economic interventionism for the wellbeing of the public. The economic freedom and self-regulation that has been accorded to technology firms by this government should be balanced with the need to protect the interests, health and well-being of the UK population. (See below link by Prof Tom Butler)

https://www.radiationresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/On-the-Clear-Evidence-of-the-Risks-

to-Children-from-Smartphone-and-WiFi-Radio-Frequency-Radiation-Final-2019.pdf

Belyaev et al. in the 2016 EUROPAEM EMR Guidelines (18) state the following with regard to the treating electro hypersensitivity: A comprehensive medical history, which should include all symptoms and their occurrences in spatial and temporal terms and in the context of EMR exposures, is the key to making the diagnosis. The primary method of treatment should mainly focus on the prevention or reduction of EMR exposure, that is, reducing or eliminating all sources of high EMR exposure at home and at the workplace. The reduction of EMR exposure should also be extended to public spaces such as schools, hospitals, public transport, and libraries to enable persons with EHS an unhindered use (accessibility measure). If a detrimental EMR exposure is reduced sufficiently, the body has a chance to recover and EHS symptoms will be reduced or even disappear. Many examples have shown that such measures can prove effective… Anything that supports homeostasis will increase a person’s resilience against disease and thus against the adverse effects of EMR exposure. There is increasing evidence that EMR exposure has a major impact on the oxidative and nitrosative regulation capacity in affected individuals.”

Di Ciaula A (2018) (9) state that “preliminary observations showed that millimeter waves (MMW) increase skin temperature, alter gene expression, promote cellular proliferation and synthesis of

proteins linked with oxidative stress, inflammatory and metabolic processes, could generate ocular damages, affect neuro-muscular dynamics. …available findings seem sufficient to demonstrate the existence of biomedical effects, to invoke the precautionary principle, to define exposed subjects as potentially vulnerable and to revise existing limits.”

Broadband and mobile device take up enables consumers and businesses to gain access to communications, services and mechanisms of purchasing and selling that was previously unavailable to them. This does not mean that they should all be switched over to, as an only mechanism of communication, purchasing and selling. The public should be entitled to determine how they choose to connect with or not connect with digital media, particularly 5G, considering the safety testing of this emerging technology is yet to be done (see reference 11 below). Not all human beings choose to exist continuously connected with digital media, nor do they want to be subjected to untested, potentially harmful 5G. Ethical judgements used in the design of such technology needs to betransparenttothepublic,andweneedasetofglobalprinciplesthatshapethe normsand standards that shape the emergence of 5G roll out. This has yet to be done.

Naren et al (2020) (24) state: “Different countries have different regulations to limit the radiation density levels caused by these devices. The radiation absorbed by an individual depends on various factors such as the devices they use, the proximity of use, the type of antenna, the relative orientation

of the antenna on the device, and many more. Several standards exist which have tried to quantify the radiation levels and come up with safe limits of EMR absorption to prevent human harm.” We

need to ensure that we use the standards that specify safe levels of radiation based on the recognition of both thermal as well as non-thermal negative biological effects of EMR.”

The UK is using a standard from the ICNIRP which only recognises thermal negative biological effects. This means that not only has there not been any safety testing for 5G roll out, but the standards currently used in this country are inadequate as they only recognise a small fraction of the

negative biological effects caused by EMR. This needs to be corrected immediately, and we need to recognise the standards set by the medical bodies such as the BB, BioInitiative, and AMA Standards. These limits have been arrived at after extensive scientific research of thermal, non-thermal, chronic exposure, and biological effects carried out by health experts from across the world. On comparing these limits with those prescribed by the ICNIRP, it can be seen that the limits prescribed by the medical bodies are several orders of magnitude lower than those prescribed by the ICNIRP. Therefore, a clear understanding of the differences between these limits, and an assessment of the current exposure levels in accordance with both kinds of exposure limits mentioned is desperately needed at present.

Furthermore, a significantly large body of peer reviewed scientific papers now indicate that gigabit-

capable networks are predicted to be damaging to human health, as EMR exposure at levels 100K lower than those allowable by current ‘safety’ guidelines, cause actual biological damage to many types of cells not just human. (see Tables 1, 2, & 3 which list all the scientific papers have been pulled out for Entrez Pubmed by just putting in the search term ‘EMF radiation’ and which describe multiple negative biological effects in many species). Of note are the biological indicators in Table 3 below such as bee colony collapse, bee developmental delay and bee motor damage and this is backed up by news articles such that written by Jo Lamiri in the Independent: (3 August 2018) stating: “one-third of the UK’s bee population has disappeared over the past decade and 24 per cent of Europe’s bumblebees are now threatened with extinction.” https://www.independent.co.uk/life- style/food-and-drink/national-honey-bee-day-save-species-decline-pollinators-environment-pesticides-

a8461426.html

We should not wait until we have damaged so many species including ourselves before we stop and take stock of what we are doing to ourselves and to our environment.

If such gigabit-capable networks are not managed with a true understanding of the wealth and breadth of scientific data that is currently published, we will only know its damaging impact many years hence, and then it will be too late, as the damage will then already have been done to us, and

subsequent generations and to our delicate ecosystem.

There is a current lack of understanding in this country of the wealth of scientific data that points to real biological negative effects by EMR, and we need to think about ways to limit that damage to our population and environment.

The Nuremberg trials and subsequent Code were supposed to ensure that never again would a population be experimented upon or harmed without consent. It is morally and legally wrong for the flawed ICNIRP guidelines to be condoned or supported like they are currently in this country, as they flagrantly disregard key scientific data pointing to non-thermal negative biological effects of pulsed EMR exposure, in all manner of species (e.g. Halgamuge MN. (2017) – see Table 3).

The mobile and broadband industry are making statements that are on face value misleading and deceptive and forcing foreseeable risk of harm upon a partly non-aware (e.g. misled), and partly aware and non-consenting population. See their comment from the Guardian below:

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/mar/12/5g-safe-radiation-watchdog- health?CMP=share_btn_fb&fbclid=IwAR3NS278WnlqENmtaAd1CVy4jHWH_Y0L0cDiu6fBMcsOSG6 HMWaCCnNnqNA

as well as testicular cancer has also been reported [22]. Thus, the probability that future generations will inherit unhealthy or low-immunity genes is also increased.”

Table 3 shows the existence of damaging outcomes to multiple reproductive systems both human

(Santini et al 2018) and other species like rat (Sepehrimanesh et al 2017; Yang et al 2018; Oh et al 2018) and mice (Li et al 2017), by EMR exposure which backs up Naren et al. (2020) (23) in their prediction above that future generations are most at risk. Both Pall (2018) (29) and Wilke (2018) (19) advocate getting rid of Wi-Fi in schools to protect future generations as well as teachers from EMR

damage.

Santini et al. (2018) (17) after showing oxidative stress effects of EMR radiation in male and female reproductive systems urge that we should be aiming to get “a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying EMR potential challenge to our reproductive system in order to improve preventive strategies.”

5G networks have already been installed in various parts of the UK and local residents are uninformed about the dangers of 5G. Such affected residents should be retrospectively informed as to the massive body of scientific data that points to negative non-thermal biological responses to pulsed electromagnetic radiation, and told that existing 5G has had no safety testing. They should

be told that existing installations will be decommissioned until further notice, and that future 5G roll outs will be halted, until adequate safety testing has been conducted. It is very likely that already deployed installations of 5G are already having a direct, negative, cumulative effect on the short term and long term health of the UK public. For example, one of the biological responses to continuous exposure to electromagnetic radiation is to also negatively affect the behaviours of autistic individuals – see link below and in Table 3 of this document. https://bioinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/sec20_2012_Findings_in_Autism.pdf

The government, PHE, AGNIR, HPA, local authorities and Ofcom should rethink how they assess the safety, ethics and use of not just mobile and broadband technologies but others as well. They heavily rely on a non-independent body (ICNIRP) for their safety guidelines on current EMR exposure limits. Not only that, they are too heavily reliant on segregated government bodies and the mobile and broadband industry themselves, for their understanding of EMR emitting emerging technologies. These bodies need to have members of the public as independent scrutinisers in order for them to be held accountable to ensure that they are indeed acting in the best interests of all of the UK population.

Clearly the AGNIR and the HPA too are governed by the flawed safety guidelines of the ICNIRP as

they state on the below website the following:

“AGNIR’s main conclusion is that, although a substantial amount of research has been conducted in this area, there is no convincing evidence that RF field exposures below guideline levels cause health effects in adults or children. These “guideline levels” are those of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which already form the basis of public health protection in the UK and in many other countries.

AGNIR concludes there is increasing evidence that RF fields below guideline levels do not cause symptoms and cannot be detected by people, even those who consider themselves sensitive to RF fields. HPA agrees with AGNIR that this does not undermine the importance of the symptoms that are experienced, but it does suggest causes other than those directly related to RF fields should be considered. HPA will undertake another comprehensive review of the scientific evidence and its advice when sufficient new evidence has accumulated.”

See also below statement by the HPA on smart meters:

“The results confirm PHE’s existing advice that exposure to radio waves from smart meters is well below the guidelines set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).”

product development is made more flexible and responsive to outside input from the very beginning. …To the extent that companies manage to integrate the spectrum of outside concerns at an early

stage, they stand a better chance to come up with products that are widely seen as good solutions. Precautionary measures should in any case be judged transparently on a case-by-case basis, and be

subjected to scrutiny from many parties….Implementation of the PP needs to accommodate various cultures of risk regulation and administrative regimes, while still addressing the basic tenets of the PP (uncertainties, science, values, transparency and participation, etc.)

The roll out of 5G in the UK has not had any address to the public of its safety. There has been no independent scrutiny by many parties of the scientific data regarding 5G for the public to be convinced that it is a good solution for better and safer connectivity. There is no safety testing data available at all for 5G in the UK. There has been no attempt by the companies that have rolled out 5G to become ‘partners with the public.’ In fact, the public are unaware of the safety data around 5G, they have not been involved in its roll out, and there have been no deliberations involving the public in the UK that have addressed side effects or possible harms. In fact, the Precautionary Principle has been completely ignored with respect to 5G roll out.

This needs to be addressed urgently by the government and all stakeholders. The UK needs a moratorium on future 5G roll outs. It needs to switch off 5G from deployed masts until safety testing

has been completed. We also need to take measures now to protect ourselves and children from Wi- Fi long term (see section 2.11).

The people of the UK need to vote with its feet, as currently the government wants to switch off copper wire services (i.e. landlines) and only supply fibre services which means those who don’t want to communicate via mobiles or don’t want the internet in their homes will be disadvantaged. The government only expects switchover to start when a significant proportion of the population has taken-up new fibre services. So we need to essentially not switch to 5G and use our portable devices less , if we are going to protect our society from being steamrollered into 5G and wireless solutions. We should not upgrade our phones or broadband services to 5G, as it will be commercially less viable for mobile companies to roll out 5G at more UK sites.

We need to object to the 5G roll out by writing to our MP’s and contributing evidence to government consultations, writing to our local city councils and health authorities (Public Health) and objecting to ongoing planning applications (see Section 2.12).

2.11 5G is likely to Pose a Greater Harm than its Predecessors

Naren et al (2020) (23) state: “5G is set to use frequencies between 30 GHz and 100 GHz and would have a bandwidth of 60 GHz, which is much higher than all previous generations. Owing to the increased frequency, the wavelengths in 5G communications will be in the order of few millimeters. Shorter wavelengths travel shorter distances; therefore, 5G networks will be much densercompared to existing networks. This necessitates that more base stations be placed at much closer distances in order to achieve good coverage… in the case of 5G networks, the base station (BS) density is expected to be increased to about 40-50 base stations/km2 due to the high propagation loss of millimeter wave technology. The area served by each base station in 5G networks is very small and is commonly called a small cell. The shorter millimeter waves would also not be able to penetrate building walls effectively. Therefore, the 5G architecture will separate indoor and outdoor networks, which means there will be separate access nodes for indoor users. 5G BSs will also be installed on street light poles meaning that people will be extremely close to the BS antennas, whether they are indoors or outdoors. In addition, 5G will also employ relay nodes that amplify the wireless signals from the BSs before they reach the device. The high data rate requirement of 5G, which is around 1000 times more than 4G, is expected to be solved by the use of massive-MIMO technology, which incorporates a large number of antennas. Thus, 5G networks contain Macrocells, microcells, relays, street light access points and separate indoor nodes, which operate simultaneously all the time. Due to the extremely high density of BSs, street light access points, separate indoor BSs, relays and Massive MIMO technology employed in 5G, a person will be exposed to very high

levels of power flux densities (PFDs), whether he is indoors or outdoors, or whether or not he is using any wireless devices in close proximity. In other words, it may be suspected that even the

ambient PFD which a person is exposed to in most situations throughout the day may fall under the category of `Severe Concern’ according to the Building Biology Standard, `Far above normal’

according to the AMA standards, and may be higher than the precautionary action level recommended by the BioInitiative Guidelines.”

Pall (2019) (2) predict that similar but much more severe effects are likely to be produced by 5G than

seen currently. He also predicts that because of the roles of aqueous dissolved ions in producing these deep effects, that regions of the body with large such internal “bodies of water” may be expected to produce particularly severe problems. These are as follows:

1. Various types of birth defects because of the role of the amniotic fluids and the increased extracellular water content in the tissues of the foetus.
2. Blindness due to the role of the aqueous and vitreous humours of the eye.
3. Kidney failure due to the water in the kidney.

4. Cardiac changes in the electrical control of the heart, because of the large blood fluids in the heart.
5. Circulatory problems, possibly including aortic and other arterial aneurisms.

Ofcom has published the latest results from their spectrum measurement programme, including six additional 5G mobile sites: (see link: https://www.ofcom.org.uk/about-ofcom/latest/features-and- news/clearing-up-myths-5g-and-coronavirus)

“At every site, emissions were a small fraction of the levels included in international guidelines. These guidelines are set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The maximum measured at any mobile site was approximately 1.5% of those levels – including signals from other mobile technologies such as 3G and 4G. The highest level from 5G signals specifically was 0.039% of the maximum set out in the international guidelines.”

The maximum level set out by the ICNIRP is: 10,000,000 W/m2 (Table 4). This means that the highest level at any 5G mobile site which consists of 3G, 4G & 5G would be 150,000 W/m2 and the highest level from 5G signals specifically would be 3,900 W/m2. The ‘No Concern / Within Normal Limits’ level for the BB and AMA standards is <1 W/m2 and the Extreme Concern / Far AboveNormal Limit’ level is 1000 W/m2. Therefore, the level for 3-5G at 5G sites is 150,000 fold higher than what is considered normal by the BB and AMA standards. The level for 5G only is 3900 fold higher than what is considered normal by the BB and AMA standards.

This is deeply alarming as low level EMR negative biological effects occur in rats at only 1 mW/cm2 (cognitive impairment) (Tang et al 2015) and in adolescents at between 2-10 W/cm2 (spatial working memory and attention impairment, delayed motor skills) (Meo et al 2018) – see Table 3.

The other issue around 5G which is of deepest concern is the fact that various companies with a financial interest in 5G technologies and products are currently busy launching satellites into our ionosphere at a prolific rate. What this means is that the earth will be enveloped in such a deep electrosmog, that effectively there will be no escaping the intense electromagnetic radiation emitted by these satellites anywhere on the planet. The impact of this will be catastrophic, considering the negative biological data we already currently have on the damage caused by 2G-4G emissions, which are much less intense than 5G and yet able still to cause chronic effects. Arthur Firstenberg has been monitoring the launches of satellites into space and you can learn more about this deeply concerning problem at the link below:

https://www.cellphonetaskforce.org/?s=satellites&submit.x=0&submit.y=0

He has appealed to all citizens on earth to sign an appeal to all governments to stop 5G – see link below to sign the petition:

We have the opportunity to take positive actions to implement broadband connectivity more safely

across the UK, i.e. by using wired fibre optic technology, which will be in the best interests of all our people, our environment and the delicate ecosystem around us. The summary above suggests ways

and means to resolve the existing unknowns around the safety of 5G (Summary, point 14, page 2- 6 of this document) so that the mobile and broadband industry which produces products and services are held accountable to the public.

This country needs to implement a strategy which uses independent intervention and scrutiny by non-industry led scientists and stakeholders (i.e.an ISC) who can probe all safety testing data by the mobile and broadband industry as well as associated scientific studies by independent scientists, so that the mistakes made by governments globally in allowing the tobacco and fossil-fuel industries to proliferate without adequate regulatory and economic control, will not be repeated in the wireless industry as well.

Negative Effect by EMR radiation

Paper

Findings and actions

Species

Children eyes and brains are absorbing most radiation

Fernández C, de Salles AA, Sears ME, Morris RD, Davis DL. Environ Res. 2018 Nov;167:694- 699.
Absorption of wireless radiation in the child versus adult brain and eye from cell phone conversation or virtual reality.

Finding: Modeling of a cell phone held to the ear, or of virtual reality devices in front of the eyes, reveals that young eyes and brains absorb substantially higher local radiation doses than adults.

Action: Age-specific simulations indicate the need to apply refined methods for regulatory compliance testing; and for public education regarding manufacturers’ advice to keep phones off the body, and prudent use to limit exposures, particularly to protect the young.

Human (children)

Neurodevelopment and neurobehavioural damage in children

Sage C, Burgio E.Child Dev. 2018 Jan;89(1):129-136. Electromagnetic Fields, Pulsed Radiofrequency Radiation, and Epigenetics: How Wireless Technologies May Affect Childhood Development.

New epigenetic studies are profiled in this review to account for some neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral changes due to exposure to wireless technologies.Symptoms of retarded memory, learning, cognition, attention, and behavioral problems have been reported in numerous studies and are similarly manifested in autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, as a result of EMR and RFR exposures

Human (children)

where both epigenetic drivers and genetic (DNA) damage are likely contributors.

Cognitive impairment in rats by EMRs

Tang J, Zhang Y1, Yang L, Chen Q, Tan L, Zuo S, Feng H, Chen Z, Zhu G. Brain Res. 2015 Mar 19;1601:92-101.

Exposure to 900 MHz electromagnetic fields activates the mkp-1/ERK pathway and causes blood-brain barrier damage and cognitive impairment in rats.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to a 900 MHz, 1 mW/cm2 EMR or sham (unexposed) for 14 or 28 days (3h per day). The specific energy absorption rate (SAR) varied between 0.016 (whole body) and 2 W/kg (locally in the head). The frequency of crossing platforms and the percentage of time spent
in the target quadrant were lower in rats exposed to EMR for 28 days than in rats exposed to EMR for 14 days and unexposed rats. 28 days of EMR exposure induced cellular edema and neuronal cell organelle degeneration in the rat. In addition, damaged BBB permeability, which resulted in albumin and HO-1 extravasation were observed in the hippocampus and cortex. EMR exposure for 28 days induced the expression of mkp-1, resulting in ERK dephosphorylation. Taken together, these results demonstrated that exposure to 900 MHz EMR radiation for 28 days can significantly impair spatial memory and damage BBB permeability in rat by activating the mkp-1/ERK pathway.

Rat

Tree damage

Waldmann-Selsam C, Balmori-de la Puente A, Breunig H, Balmori A. Sci Total Environ. 2016 Dec 1;572:554-569. Radiofrequency radiation injures trees around mobile phone base stations.

Statistical analysis demonstrated thatelectromagnetic radiation from mobile phone masts is harmful for trees. These results are consistent with the fact that damage afflicted on trees by mobile phone

Plant (Trees)

towers usually start on one side, extending to the whole tree over time.

Strong causality of brain cancer by EMRs

Pareja-Peña F, Burgos-Molina AM, Sendra-Portero F, Ruiz- Gómez MJ.
Int J Environ Health Res. 2020 Mar 9:1-10. Evidences of the (400 MHz – 3 GHz) radiofrequency electromagnetic field influence on brain tumor induction.

Epidemiological studies noticed a causal association between the exposure to RF-EMR and the incidence of brain neoplasm in different populations, since this is the organ with the highest specific absorption rate. The fact that so many of the ipsilateral tumors found are statistically significant with RF-EMR exposure provides weight suggesting causality. In this way, the higher the exposure (ipsilateral vs contralateral), the longer the cumulative exposure (hours of exposure) and the longer the latency (beyond 10 years); the greater the risk. In addition, considering together all of these parameters suggest a strong causality.

Human (adults)

Brain Cancer and J- shaped dose response curves as a result of EMRs

Mortazavi S. M. J., Mehdizadeh A R, M H. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2019 Aug 1;9(4):487-494. doi: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.771. eCollection 2019 Aug. Evaluation of the Validity of a Nonlinear J-Shaped Dose- Response Relationship in Cancers Induced by Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields.

The magnitude of exposure to RF-EMRs plays a basic role in RF- induced carcinogenesis. There is some evidence indicating that, in a similar pattern with ionizing radiation, the carcinogenesis of non- ionizing RF-EMR may have a nonlinear dose- response relationship. In this paper, the evidence which supports a nonlinear J-shaped dose-response relationship is discussed.

Human (adults)

Human cancer cell proliferation by EMRs

Song K, Im SH, Yoon YJ, Kim HM, Lee HJ, Park GS. PLoS One. 2018 Jul 16;13(7):e0199753.

A 60 Hz uniform electromagnetic field promotes human cell proliferation by

Previously, we showed that exposure of human normal and cancer cells to a 6 mT, 60 Hz gradient electromagnetic field (EMR) induced genotoxicity. Here, we investigated the cellular

Human (Cell lines)

decreasing intracellular reactive oxygen species levels.

effects of a uniform EMR. …However, continuous exposure of HeLa and primary IMR-90 fibroblasts to an EMR promoted cell proliferation. This increase in cell proliferation was directly correlated with EMR strength and exposure time. These results demonstrate that EMR uniformity at an extremely low frequency (ELF) is an important factor in the cellular effects of ELF-EMR.

Testicular cancer markers increased by EMRs

Sepehrimanesh M, Kazemipour N, Saeb M, Nazifi S, Davis DL. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 May;24(15):13666-13673. Proteomic analysis of continuous 900-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure in testicular tissue: a rat model of human cell phone exposure.

Finding: Our results indicate that exposure to RF-EMR produces increases in testicular proteins in adults that are related to carcinogenic risk and reproductive damage. Action: In light of the widespread practice of men carrying phones in their pockets near their gonads, where exposures can exceed as-tested guidelines, further study of these effects should be a high priority.

Rat

Bee colony collapse by EMRs

Santhosh Kumar S. Bioinformation. 2018 Dec 21;14(9):421-424.
Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in Honey Bees Caused by EMR Radiation.

Recent studies reveal that a cell phone tower and mobile phone handset are also causing side effects to honey bees due to radiation emission. Most of the researchers concentrated on biological and behavioral changes in a honey bee due to radiation effects. This study aimed to provide possible research extensions of colony collapse disorder caused by cell tower and mobile handsets.

Insect (bees)

Bee queen developmental delay by EMRs

Odemer R, Odemer F. Sci Total Environ. 2019 Apr 15;661:553- 562.
Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF- EMR) on honey bee queen development and mating success.

We have therefore exposed honey bee queen larvae to the radiation of a common mobile phone device (GSM band at 900 MHz) during all stages of their pre-adult development including pupation. We found thatmobile phone radiation

Insect (bees)

had significantly reduced the hatching ratio but not the mating success.

Bee cognitive and motor damage by EMRs

Shepherd S, Lima MAP, Oliveira EE, Sharkh SM, Jackson CW, Newland PL. Sci Rep. 2018 May 21;8(1):7932.

Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields impair the Cognitive and Motor Abilities of Honey Bees.

Here we ask how acute exposure to 50 Hz ELF EMRs at levels ranging from 20-100 μT, found at ground level below powerline conductors, to 1000-7000 μT, found within 1 m of theconductors, affects honey bee olfactory learning, flight, foraging activity and feeding. ELF EMR exposure was found to reduce learning, alter flight dynamics, reduce the success of foraging flights towards food sources, and feeding. The results suggest that 50 Hz ELFEMRs emitted from powerlines may represent a prominent environmental stressor for honey bees, with the potential to impact on their cognitive and motor abilities, which could in turn reduce their ability to pollinate crops.

Insect (bees)

Oxidative stress caused by EMR exposure to power plant workers is alleviated by reseveratol

Zhang D, Zhang Y, Zhu B, Zhang H, Sun Y, Sun C. Oncotarget. 2017 Jul 18;8(29):47497-47506. Resveratrol may reverse the effects of long-term occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields on workers of a power plant.

Workers who had long- term exposure to high- voltage electricity lines exhibited elevated urinary levels of 8-hydroxy-2- deoxy-guanosine (8- OHdG) and F2- isoprostane, compared to the reference group. Lower plasma nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interleukin (IL)-6 were observed in exposed workers compared to the reference group. Resveratrol significantly reversed the adverse impacts of ELF-EMR. Stimulated cytokine production by resveratrol was found in exposed workers but not in the reference group. This study supported that occupational and long-

Human (adult)

term exposure to high- voltage electricity lines has an adverse effect on homeostasis of human body, and resveratrol supplement could be an effective protection strategy against the adverse effects induced by ELF-EMRs

Oxidative stress in the nematode worm by EMRs

Sun Y1,2,3, Shi Z2,4, Wang Y1,2,3, Tang C1,3, Liao Y1,3, Yang C1,3, Cai P1,3. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Dec;94(12):1159-1166.Coupling of oxidative stress responses to tricarboxylic acid cycle and prostaglandin E2 alterations in Caenorhabditis elegans under extremely low- frequency electromagnetic field.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the physiological responses of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) to 50 Hz, 3 mT ELF-EMR exposure. The TCA cycle enzyme, fumarase was found with decreased expression under ELF-EMR exposure. And arachidonic acid (ArA) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) showed elevated concentrations, with increased expression of prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGES-2) in ELF-EMR exposed worms. Our results suggested that exposure to 50 Hz, 3 mT ELF-EMR in C. elegans can elicit disruptions of the TCA cycle metabolism and PGE2 formation, coupling ELF- EMR-induced oxidative stress responses. Our study probably will attract increasing attentions to the controllable application of ELF-EMR associated with health and disease.

Worms (C.elegans)

Oxidative stress caused by EMRs in rat livers

Postaci I, Coskun O, Senol N, Aslankoc R, Comlekci S. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2018;119(8):481-489. The physiopathological effects of quercetin on oxidative stress in radiation of 4.5 g mobile phone exposed liver tissue of rat.

Postaci et al aimed to evaluate the physiopathological consideration of the effects of electromagnetic field (EMR) from the radiation of 4.5 G mobile phones on the liver tissue of rats and quercetin (Qu) applied as an antioxidant for reducing these effects. In the liver tissue of the electromagnetic field

Rats

group; dilatation of sinusitis was determined to be higher than in the sham group. It was concluded that the concentration of caspase-3 and TNF-α immunopositive cells was in the EMR group (+3) level and also the immunostaining was stronger, it caused an increase in malondialdehyde level, the difference between the groups was statistically significant. It was determined that 2600 MHz EMR exposure caused damage to the liver, 100 mg/kg/day quercetin was not sufficient to prevent this damage

Oxidative stress and EMR review

Kıvrak EG, Yurt KK, Kaplan AA, Alkan I1, Altun G. J Microsc Ultrastruct. 2017 Oct- Dec;5(4):167-176.Effects of electromagnetic fields exposure on the antioxidant defense system.

Electromagnetic fields (EMR) have various chemical effects, including causing deterioration in large molecules in cells and imbalance in ionic equilibrium. Despite being essential for life, oxygen molecules can lead to the generation of hazardous by-products, known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), during biological reactions. These reactive oxygen species can damage cellular components such as proteins, lipids and DNA.Antioxidant defense systems exist in order to keep free radical formation under control and to prevent their harmful effects on the biological system. Oxidative stress occurs if the antioxidant defense system is unable to prevent the harmful effects of free radicals. Several studies have reported that exposure to EMR results in oxidative stress in many tissues of the body. Exposure to EMR is known to increase free radical concentrations and traceability and can

Human

affect the radical couple recombination.

Oxidative stress caused by EMRs in earthworms

Bourdineaud JP, Šrut M, Štambuk A, Tkalec M, Brèthes D, Malarić K, Klobučar GIV. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2017 Jun 27;68(2):142- 152.

Electromagnetic fields at a mobile phone frequency (900 MHz) trigger the onset of general stress response along with DNA modifications in Eisenia fetida earthworms.

Eisenia fetida earthworms were exposed to electromagnetic field (EMR) at a mobile phone frequency (900 MHz) and at field levels ranging from 10 to 120 V m-1 for a period of two hours (corresponding to specific absorption rates ranging from 0.13 to 9.33 mW kg-1). All exposure treatments induced significant DNA modifications as assessed by a quantitative random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR. Expression of genes involved in the response to general stress (HSP70 encoding the 70 kDa heat shock protein, and MEKK1 involved in signal transduction), oxidative stress (CAT, encoding catalase), and chemical and immune defence (LYS, encoding lysenin, and MYD, encoding a myeloid differentiation factor) were up-regulated after exposure to 10 and modulated 23 V m-1 field levels. HSP70 and LYS genes were up-regulated after 24 h of recovery following a two hour- exposure, meaning that the effect of EMR exposure lasted for hours.

Earthworms

EMRs via Nitric Oxide signalling negatively impact responsiveness of rat heart ventricular myocytes

Olgar Y, Hidisoglu E, Celen MC, Yamasan BE, Yargicoglu P, Ozdemir S.
Int J Radiat Biol. 2015;91(10):851-7.

2.1 GHz electromagnetic field does not change contractility and intracellular Ca2+transients but decreases β- adrenergic responsiveness through nitric oxide signaling in rat ventricular myocytes.

We investigated the effect of 2.1 GHz EMR on contractility and beta- adrenergic (β-AR) responsiveness of ventricular myocytes. EMR exposure led to a significant increase in nitric oxide levels in rat heart (p < 0.02). Long-term exposure to 2.1 GHz EMR decreases β-AR responsiveness of ventricular myocytes through NO signaling.

Rat

Multiple biological negative downstream disruptions caused by EMRs linked with autism spectrum conditions

Herbert MR1, Sage C. Pathophysiology. 2013 Jun;20(3):211-34.
Autism and EMR? Plausibility of a pathophysiological link part II.

We reviewed pathophysiological damage to core cellular processes that are associated both with ASCs and with biological effects of EMR/RFR exposures that contribute to chronically disrupted homeostasis. Many studies of people with ASCs have identifiedoxidative stress and evidence of free radical damage, cellular stress proteins, and deficiencies of antioxidants such as glutathione. This paper documents how behaviors in ASCs may emerge from alterations of electrophysiological oscillatory synchronization, how EMR/RFR could contribute to these by de-tuning the organism, and policy implications of these vulnerabilities. It details evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, neuroinflammation and brain blood flow alterations, altered electrophysiology, disruption of electromagnetic signaling, synchrony, and sensory processing, de-tuning of the brain and organism, with autistic behaviors as emergent propertiesemanating from this

Human

pathophysiology. Various vital but vulnerable mechanisms such ascalcium channels may be disrupted by environmental agents, various genes associated with autism or the interaction of both. With dramatic increases in reported ASCs that are coincident in time with the deployment of wireless technologies, we need aggressive investigation of potential ASC-EMR/RFR links. The evidence is sufficient to warrant new public exposure standards benchmarked to low- intensity (non-thermal) exposure levels now known to be biologically disruptive, and strong, interim precautionary practices are advocated.

Oxidative stress causes acute renal injury in rats

Bedir R, Tumkaya L, Mercantepe T, Yilmaz A. Arch Med Res. 2018 Oct;49(7):432-440. Pathological Findings Observed in the Kidneys of Postnatal Male Rats Exposed to the 2100 MHz Electromagnetic Field.

We therefore investigated oxidative stress and apoptosis in long-term exposure to 2100 megahertz (MHz) in a rat model. Deterioration was observed in the brush border in renal tubules of the EMR groups. The results of the immunohistochemical analysis revealed a greater number of positively stained renal tubular epithelial cells in the EMR groups as compared with that in the control group. In the EMR groups, renal MDA levels increased, and renal GSH levels decreased compared with those in the control group, as shown by a biochemical examination (p = 0.00 and p = 0.00, respectively). CONCLUSION:

The findings showed that

exposure to 2100 MHz for 6 and 12 h induced oxidative stress- mediated acute renal injury, depending on the length of exposure and dosage.

Rat

Pathological damage to adolescent rat kidneys

Okatan DÖ, Okatan AE, Hancı H, Demir S, Yaman SÖ, Çolakoğlu S, Odacı E.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2018 Oct;34(10):693-702.

Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic fields exposure throughout middle/late adolescence on the kidney morphology and biochemistry of the female rat.

We investigated the

effects on the kidneys of female rats exposed to a continuous 900- megahertz (MHz) EMR for 1 h daily in mid-late adolescence.

Findings: including hemorrhage in glomerulus, vacuolization and irregularity in the proximal and distal tubular epithelium, diffuse glomerular degeneration and edema, occasional degeneration in Bowman capsules, hemorrhage in the medullary region, disturbed nucleus location and morphology, and tubular edema in the cortex were observed in the EMR groups. In conclusion, exposure to a continuous 900-MHz EMR for 1 h daily during middle and late adolescence may cause various changes in the female rat kidney at postnatal day 60.

Rat

Pathological damage to male rat kidneys and bladder

Türedi S, Kerimoğlu G, Mercantepe T, Odacı E. Int J Radiat Biol. 2017 Sep;93(9):990- 999.
Biochemical and pathological changes in the male rat kidney and bladder following exposure to continuous 900-MHz electromagnetic field on postnatal days 22-59

EMRG rats were exposed to continuous 900-MHz EMR for 1 h a day under the same conditions as those for the SG rats. Tissue malondialdehyde increased in EMRG compared to CG and SG in both kidney (p = 0.004 and p = 0.004, respectively) and bladdertissue (p = 0.004, p = 0.006, respectively), while catalase and glutathione levels decreased compared to CG (p = 0.004; p = 0.004, respectively) and SG (p = 0.004; p = 0.004, respectively). Pathologies such as dilatation and vacuolization in the distal and proximal tubules, degeneration in glomeruli and an increase in cells tending to apoptosis were observed in kidney tissue. In bladder tissue,

Rat

degeneration in the transitional epithelium and stromal irregularity and an increase in cells tending to apoptosis were observed in EMRG. Additionally, EMRG samples exhibited glomerular capillary degeneration with capillary basement membranes under TEM. We conclude that continuous exposure to the effect of 900-MHzEMR for 1 h a day on postnatal days 22-59, inclusive, causes an increase in oxidative stress and various pathological changes in male rat kidney and bladder tissues.

Poorer sleep quality, more severe depression and anxiety due to EMR exposure

Bagheri Hosseinabadi M, Khanjani N, Ebrahimi MH, Haji B, Abdolahfard M.
Electromagn Biol Med. 2019;38(1):96-101.
The effect of chronic exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on sleep quality, stress, depression and anxiety.

Investigated the effect of chronic exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on sleep quality, stress, depression and anxiety among power plant workers. The workers in the exposed group experienced significantly poorer sleep quality than the unexposed group. Depression was also more severe in the exposed group than the unexposed group (P = 0.039). Increased exposure to ELF-EMR had a direct and significant relation with increased stress, depression, and anxiety. Sleep quality in technicians with the highest exposure was significantly lower than the other groups. This study suggests that long- term occupational exposure to ELF-EMR may lead to depression, stress, anxiety and poor sleep quality.

Human

Oxidative stress damage to male and female reproductive systems

Santini SJ, Cordone V, Falone S, Mijit M, Tatone C, Amicarelli F, Di Emidio G.
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Nov 8;2018:5076271.

Role of Mitochondria in the Oxidative Stress Induced by Electromagnetic Fields: Focus on Reproductive Systems.

Finding: A growing body of evidence suggests that EMR exposure during spermatogenesis induces increased ROS production associated with decreased ROS scavenging activity. Numerous studies revealed the detrimental effects of EMRs from mobile phones, laptops, and other electric devices on sperm quality and provide evidence for extensive electron leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain as the main cause of EMR damage. In female reproductive systems, the contribution of oxidative stress to EMR- induced damages and the evidence of mitochondrial origin of ROS overproduction are reported, as well. In conclusion, mitochondria seem to play an important role as source of ROS in both male and female reproductive systems under EMR exposure.

Action: Future and more standardized studies are required for a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying EMR potential challenge to our reproductive system in order to improve preventive strategies.

Human

Impairment of spatial working memory, delayed motor skills and attention in adolescents exposed to EMR

Meo SA, Almahmoud M, Alsultan Q, Alotaibi N, Alnajashi I, Hajjar WM.Am J Mens Health. 2018 Jan- Feb;13(1):1557988318816914. .Mobile Phone Base Station Tower Settings Adjacent to School Buildings: Impact on Students’ Cognitive Health.

The mobile phone base station towers (MPBST) were located within 200 m from the school buildings. In School 1, RF-EMR was 2.010 μW/cm2 with a frequency of 925 MHz and in School 2, RF-EMR was 10.021 μW/cm2 with a frequency of 925 MHz. Students were exposed to EMRR for 6 hr a day, 5 days a week for a total period of 2 years.Significant impairment in Motor Screening Task (MOT; p

Human (children)

= .03) and Spatial Working Memory (SWM) task ( p = .04) was identified among the group of students who were exposed to high RF-EMR produced by MPBSTs. High exposure to RF-EMR produced by MPBSTs was associated with delayed fine and gross motor skills, spatial working memory, and attention in school adolescents compared to students who were exposed to low RF-EMR

Decreased memory performance in adolescents in two separate studies

Foerster M, Thielens A, Joseph W, Eeftens M, Röösli M.
A Prospective Cohort Study of Adolescents’ Memory Performance and Individual Brain Dose of Microwave Radiation from Wireless Communication.

EHP Vol 126 (7): 23 Jul 2018 https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2427

In a previous analysis, we found changes in figural memory scores associated with a higher cumulative RF-EMR brain dose in adolescents. We aimed to follow-up our previous results using a new study population, dose estimation, and approach to controlling for confounding from media usage itself. We founddecreased figural memory scores in association with an interquartile range (IQR) increase in estimated cumulative RF-EMR brain dose scores: -0.22 (95% CI: -0.47, 0.03; IQR: 953 mJ/kg per day) in the whole sample, -0.39 (95% CI: -0.67, -0.10; IQR: 953 mJ/kg per day) in right- side users (n=532), and – 0.26 (95% CI: -0.42, -0.10; IQR: 341 mJ/kg per day)when recorded network operator data were used for RF-EMR dose estimation (n=274). Our findings for a cohort of Swiss adolescents require confirmation in other populations but suggest a potential adverse effect of RF-EMR brain dose on cognitive functions that involve brain regions mostly exposed during mobile phone use.

Human (children)

Negative effects on rat and mice fertility

Yang MJ, Lang HY, Miao X, Liu HQ, Zhang YJ, Wang YF, Chen YB, Liu JY, Zeng LH, Guo GZ. Toxicol Res (Camb). 2018 Jul 12;7(6):1120-1127.

Effects of paternal electromagnetic pulse exposure on the reproductive endocrine function of male offspring: a pilot study.

Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly exposed to EMP at 200 kV m-1 for 0, 100 or 400 pulses before mating. The results showed that paternal exposure induced a decrease of testosterone (T), sperm quantity and acrosin activity in the male offspring (p < 0.05). The content of GABA and the protein and mRNA expression of the hypothalamic GABAA receptor protein increased in the EMP exposure group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, our study shows that under these experimental conditions EMP had a certain degree of influence on the reproductive endocrine function of the male rat offspring, and the hypothalamic GABAA receptor may be involved in the reproductive toxicity of the male offspring.

Rat

EMR radiation damages male sperm quality

Kesari KK, Agarwal A, Henkel R. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018 Dec 9;16(1):118.
Radiations and male fertility.

From currently available studies it is clear that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF- EMR) have deleterious effects on sperm parameters (like sperm count, morphology, motility), affects the role of kinases in cellular metabolism and the endocrine system, and produces genotoxicity, genomic instability and oxidative stress. The study concludes that the RF-EMR may induce oxidative stress with an increased level of reactive oxygen species, which may lead to infertility. This has been concluded based on available evidences from in vitro and in vivo studies suggesting that RF-EMR exposure negatively affects sperm quality.

Human

Increased inflammation and testicular damage by EMR radiation in Wistar rats

Bilgici B, Gun S, Avci B, Akar A, K Engiz B. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018 Nov;94(11):1054-1061.
What is adverse effect of wireless local area network, using 2.45 GHz, on thereproductive system?

Investigated the inflammatory effect and testicular damage on rats exposed to low level of electromagnetic fields (EMR) at 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. Wistar rats exposed to low level EMR (average E- field 3.68 ± 0.36 V/m,whole body average SAR, 0.0233 W/kg, in 10 g tissue) at 2.45 GHz for 1 hour/day for 30 consecutive days. Serum IL-6 and CRP levels were found to be significantly different in the study group compared to the control group (p < .05). Histopathological evaluation of testicular tissue revealed asignificant difference in necrosis and spermatogenesis when compared with the control group (p < .05). Low level EMR at 2.45 GHzincreases inflammation and testicular damage and negative impact on male reproductive system function.

Rat

Decreased Spermatogenesis in rats exposed to 4G

Oh JJ, Byun SS, Lee SE, Choe G, Hong SK. Biomed Res Int. 2018 Jan 29;2018:1801798.Effect of Electromagnetic Waves from Mobile Phones on Spermatogenesis in the Era of 4G-LTE.

Investigated the effect of long duration exposure to electromagnetic field from mobile phones on spermatogenesis in rats using 4G-LTE. The sum of the germ cell counts was decreased in Group 4 compared to Groups 1, 2, and 3 (p = 0.032). The mean Leydig cell count was significantly decreased in Group 4 (p < 0.001). The longer exposure duration of electromagnetic field decreased the spermatogenesis. Our findings warrant further investigations on the potential effects of EMR from mobile phones on male fertility.

Rat

Disturbance of reproductive hormone levels and offspring sex ratio by EMRs

Li JH, Jiang DP, Wang YF, Yan JJ, Guo QY, Miao X, Lang HY, Xu SL, Liu JY, Guo GZ. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017 Sep;54:155-161.
Influence of electromagnetic pulse on the offspring sex ratio of male BALB/c mice.

Determined whether

paternal exposure to electromagnetic pulse (EMP) affects offspring sex ratio in mice. 50 male BALB/c mice aged 5-6 weeks were exposed to EMP daily for 2 weeks before mated with non- exposed females at 0d, 7d, 14d, 21d and 28d after exposure. The serum testosterone increased significantly in D0, D14, D21, and D28 compared with sham-exposed groups (p<0.05). Overall, this study suggested that EMP exposure may lead to the disturbance of reproductive hormone levels and affect the offspring sex ratio.

Mice

Negative biochemical, morphological and histological effects of EMR on rat testis

Çetkin M, Kızılkan N, Demirel C, Bozdağ Z, Erkılıç S, Erbağcı H. Andrologia. 2017 Dec;49(10). Quantitative changes in testicular structure and function in rat exposed to mobile phone radiation.

Evaluated the effects of EMR emitted from mobile phones on the rat testis morphology and histopathology using stereological techniques. We also investigated cortisol, testosterone, FSH and LH levels. The testis weight and volume were significantly lower in the EMR exposed groups. The mean volume fraction of interstitial tissue was higher, but the volume fraction of tubular tissue was lower in the EMR- exposed groups. Themean tubular and germinal tissue volume, seminiferous tubule diameter and germinal epithelium height were also lower in EMR exposed groups. The cortisol levels in the EMR-exposed groups were significantly higher. In conclusion, the EMR created by mobile phones caused morphologic and histological changes by the affecting germinal epithelium tissue negatively.

Rat

Cellular damage by EMRs in rat ocular cells

Eker ED, Arslan B, Yildirim M, Akar A, Aras N. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2018;119(9):588-592.
The effect of exposure to 1800 MHz radiofrequency radiation on epidermal growth factor, caspase-3, Hsp27 and p38MAPK gene expressions in the rat eye.

Investigated the expression levels of heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and caspase-3 gene expression levels in rat eye that was exposed to 1800 MHz RF-EMR. The rats in the study group (n = 9) were exposed to 1800 MHz RF-EMR at an electric field 6.8 ± 0.1 V/m and 0.06 W/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) for 2 hours per day for eight weeks. caspase-3 and p38MAPK gene expression were significantly upregulated in the ocular tissues following exposure to RF-EMR (p < 0.05). According to our findings, eye cells recognize EMR as a stress factor, and in response, activate caspase-3 and p38MAPK gene expressions. These results confirm that RF- EMR can cause cellular damage in rat ocular cells.

Rat

Oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by EMR is reduced by adding Selenium to human embryonic kidney cells

Pastacı Özsobacı N, Düzgün Ergün D, Durmuş S, Tunçdemir M, Uzun H, Gelişgen R, Özçelik D. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2018 Dec;50:572-579..

Selenium supplementation ameliorates electromagnetic field-induced oxidative stress in the HEK293 cells.

Investigated the effect of Se on 2.4 GHz frequency EMR exposed human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) by means of alterations in apoptotic and oxidative stress parameters. EMR groups were exposed to 2.4 GHz EMR for 1 h, element groups were incubated with two different doses of Se added cell culture medium for 48 h before EMR exposure. MDA levels were significantly higher whereas SOD and GSH-Px activities were significantly lower in EMR compared to control. 100 and 200 nM Se + EMR application decreased MDA levels, increased SOD and GSH-Px activities than EMR. Apoptosis and caspase-3 were statistically

Human Cell line

significantly higher but bcl- 2 was lower in EMR than control. Apoptosis and caspase-3 were lower in 100 and 200 nM Se + EMR, although bcl-2 were higher than EMR. In conclusion, Se has protective effects against2.4 GHz EMR-induced oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation, regulating SOD and GSH-Px activity. Also, Se has inhibitory effect on 2.4 GHz EMRinduced apoptosis by increasing the expression of anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 and suppressing apoptosis regulatory protein caspase-3.

Wi-Fi EMR radiation at 2.45GHz is damaging to health causing multiple negative effects which are likely to affect young people more than adults.

Pall ML. Environ Res. 2018 Jul;164:405-416. .
Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health.

Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. Each of these seven effects is also produced by downstream effects of the main action of such EMRs, voltage- gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation. Five properties of non- thermal EMR effects are discussed. These are that pulsed EMRs are, in most cases, more active than are non-pulsed EMRs; artificial EMRs are polarized and such polarized EMRs are much more active than non-polarized EMRs; dose-response curves are non-linear and non- monotone; EMR effects are often cumulative; and EMRs may impact young people more than adults. There are seven repeatedly found Wi-Fi effects which have also been shown to be caused by other similar EMR exposures.

Human

Negative EMR impact on chick embryo development – heart weight and wall thickness reduced, increase in corticosterone levels indicating EMR causes stress

Pawlak K, Nieckarz Z, Sechman A, Wojtysiak D, Bojarski B, Tombarkiewicz B. Anat Histol Embryol. 2018 Jun;47(3):222- 230.

Effect of a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emitted during embryogenesis on chick development and hatchability.

Determined the effect of a

1800 MHz electromagnetic field during embryogenesis on the frequency of chick embryo malformations, morphometric parameters of the heart and liver and concentration of corticosterone in blood plasma, lipid and glycogen content in the liver of newly hatched chicks. Exposure of chick embryos to EMR caused decreases in relative heart weight and right ventricle wall thickness. The pipping and hatching of chicks can be accelerated by stressful impact of EMR, which is confirmed by a significant increase in plasma corticosterone concentrations and decrease in fat and glycogen in the liver of chicks exposed during embryogenesis on the electromagnetic field with a frequency of 1800 MHz.

Chicken

Altered female porcine uterine oestrogen hormone secretion due to EMRs

Koziorowska A, Waszkiewicz EM, Romerowicz-Misielak M, Zglejc- Waszak K, Franczak A. Theriogenology. 2018 Apr 1;110:86-95. Extremely low- frequency electromagnetic field (EMR) generates alterations in the synthesis and secretion of oestradiol-17β (E2) in uterine tissues: An in vitro study.

Determined the effect of an EMR on the synthesis and secretion of oestradiol-17β (E2) in the porcine uterus. Endometrial and myometrial slices were harvested on days 12-13 of the oestrous cycle and exposed in vitro to an EMR (50 and 120 Hz, 8 mT) for 2 and 4 h in the presence or absence of progesterone (P4). In conclusion, the EMR induces changes in the synthesis and release of E2 in uterine tissues harvested during days 12- 13 of the oestrous cycle. These changes are related to the EMR frequency used, the time of the exposition and the presence of P4. We suspect that this observed phenomenon might lead to changes in the

Pigs

intrauterine milieu of oestrogen, which is crucial for the proper activity of uterine tissues during the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle.

Sciatic nerve damage in Male rats due to EMRs

Kerimoğlu G, Güney C, Ersöz Ş, Odacı E.
J Chem Neuroanat. 2018 Sep;91:1-7.

A histopathological and biochemical evaluation of oxidative injury in the sciatic nerves of male rats exposed to a continuous 900-megahertz electromagnetic field throughout all periods of adolescence.

Sprague Dawley rats (EMRGr) aged 21 days were exposed to the effect of a 900-megahertz (MHz) EMR for 1 h at the same time every day between postnatal days 21-59 (the entire adolescent period) inside a cage in the EMR apparatus. There was marked thickening in the epineurium of sciatic nerves from EMRGr rats. MDA, SOD and CAT levels were higher in EMRGr than in CGr and SGr at biochemicalanalyses. Apoptotıc index (AI) analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of TUNEL (+) cells when EMRGr was compared with CGr and SGr. In conclusion, our study results suggest that continuous exposure to a 900-MHz EMR for 1 h throughout adolescence can cause oxidative injury and thickening in the epineurium in the sciatic nerve in male rats.

Rat

Memory impairment by EMRs from mobile phones (MP)

Kalafatakis F, Bekiaridis-Moschou D, Gkioka E, Tsolaki M
Hell J Nucl Med. 2017 Sep- Dec;20 Suppl:146-154.

Mobile phone use for 5 minutes can cause significant memory impairment in humans.

Healthy participants of the experimental group performed worst in the memory task after using the MP. The reduction of the performance in the task after using the MP was even higher for the age group of 60-80 years old in comparison with younger age groups, as well as for the individuals with MCI in comparison to healthy participants. Age was significantly negative correlated with performance in the task, while gender showed no significant correlation. MP use has a significant negative impact on working memory

Human

performance of human participants. The effect is apparent even for a 5 minute use of the MP. Working memory deficits are greater not only for the 60 years old and above participants but also for individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment.These results are in agreement with previous studies on animals as well as humans on the effects of MP use on the brain. It is concluded that the development of certain restrictions on MP use is necessary for the protection of the brain health of the users.

EMRs cause autophagy as a stress response in the hippocampus of mice

Kim JH, Yu DH, Kim HJ, Huh YH, Cho SW, Lee JK, Kim HG, Kim HR.
Toxicol Ind Health. 2018 Jan;34(1):23-35.

Exposure to 835 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic field induces autophagy in hippocampus but not in brain stem of mice.

Explored whether autophagy is triggered in the hippocampus or brain stem after RF-EMR exposure. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 835 MHz RF-EMR with specific absorption rates (SAR) of 4.0 W/kg for 12 weeks. Several autophagic genes, which play key roles in autophagy regulation, weresignificantly upregulated only in the hippocampus and not in the brain stem. Expression levels of LC3B-II protein and p62, crucial autophagic regulatory proteins, were significantly changed only in the hippocampus. In parallel, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed an increase in the number of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in the hippocampal neurons of RF-EMR-exposed mice. The present study revealed that autophagy was induced in the hippocampus, not in the brain stem, in 835 MHz RF-EMR with an SAR of 4.0 W/kg for 12 weeks. These results could suggest that among the various adaptation

Mice

processes to the RF-EMR exposure environment, autophagic degradation is one possible mechanism in specific brain regions.

EMRs decrease beta-adrenoceptor function in red blood cells of turkeys

Laszlo AM, Ladanyi M, Boda K, Csicsman J, Bari F, Serester A, Molnar Z, Sepp K, Galfi M, Radacs M

Poult Sci. 2018 Feb 1;97(2):634- 642.
Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on turkeys.

For monitoring the effects of ELF EMR, we used a turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) model, because the nucleated erythrocytes of turkeys contain β- adrenoceptors, andnorepinephrine- (NE-) activated β- adrenoceptors have an important role in physiological and behavioral processes. The turkeys in the treatment group were treated in vivo with ELF EMR (50 Hz; 10 μT) for 3 wk after a 1-wk-long adaptation period. The animals were not exposed to ELF EMR during the regeneration period (5 wk following the exposure). NE-activated β- adrenoceptor function was decreased in the treated birds in a time- dependent manner. The decreased NE-dependent β-adrenoceptor function could be compensated by the homeostatic complex during the 5-wk regeneration period. Extended experimental periods and more sophisticated analysis methods may help prevent harmful environmental effects on birds; furthermore, these findings could affect public health and the economy.

Turkeys

EMR continuous and intermittent exposure causes significant disturbances in the levels of copper and magnesium in serum and various tissues from guinea pigs

Erdem O, Akay C, Cevher SC, Canseven AG, Aydın A, Seyhan N.
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2018 Feb;181(2):265-271.

Effects of Intermittent and Continuous Magnetic Fields on Trace Element Levels in Guinea Pigs.

Guinea pigs were exposed to a magnetic field of 50 Hz of 1.5 mT. Groups A and B were exposed to the magnetic field for a period of 4 h/day continuously (4 h/day) for 4 and 7 days, respectively. Groups C and D were exposed to the magnetic field for a period of 4 h/day intermittently for 4 and 7 days, respectively. Group E animals were enrolled as control. Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy in serum, femur, brain, kidney, and liver tissues in all guinea pigs. Changes in the levels of Cu in serum samples, femur, and kidney tissues of the treated groups were statistically significant. The same was also true for the levels of Mg in the brain, kidney, and lung tissues. Our results suggest that in vivo continuous and intermittent exposure to EMR may cause disturbances in homeostasis of bioelements. These effects could be important risk factors for toxic effects of EMR, especially in relation to deterioration of bioelements.

Guinea pigs

Nerve damage and hyperactivity caused by EMRs in mice

Kim JH, Yu DH, Huh YH, Lee EH, Kim HG, Kim HR. Sci Rep. 2017 Jan 20;7:41129.
Long-term exposure to 835 MHz RF-EMR induces hyperactivity, autophagy and demyelination in the cortical neurons of mice.

Studied neuronal effects of

RF-EMR on the cerebral cortex of the mouse brain as a proxy for cranial exposure during mobile phone use. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 835 MHz RF- EMR at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of4.0 W/kg for 5 hours/day during 12 weeks. They found that RF-EMR exposure led to myelin sheath damage and mice displayed hyperactivity- like behaviour. The data suggest that autophagy may act as a protective

Mice

pathway for the neuronal cell bodies in the cerebral cortex during radiofrequency exposure. The observations that neuronal cell bodies remained structurally stable but demyelination was induced in cortical neurons following prolonged RF-EMR suggests a potential cause of neurological or neurobehavioural disorders.

Eight plant species are very sensitive to EMRs showing physiological and morphological effects

Halgamuge MN. Plant physiological and morphological sensitivity to EMRs
Electromagn Biol Med. 2017;36(2):213-235.
Review: Weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phone radiation on plants.

Looked at 169 experimental observations to detect the physiological and morphological changes in plants due to the non-thermal RF-EMR effects from mobile phone radiation. Twenty-nine different species of plants were considered in this work. Find that data from a substantial amount of the studies on RF-EMRs from mobile phones show physiological and/or morphological effects (89.9%, p < 0.001). Following plants – maize, roselle, pea, fenugreek, duckweeds, tomato, onions and mungbean plants seem to be very sensitive to RF-EMRs. Our findings also suggest that plants seem to be more responsive to certain frequencies, especially the frequencies between (i) 800 and 1500 MHz (p < 0.0001), (ii) 1500 and 2400 MHz (p < 0.0001) and (iii) 3500 and 8000 MHz (p = 0.0161). None of these findings can be directly associated with human; however, on the other hand, this cannot be excluded, as it can impact the human welfare and health, either directly or indirectly, due to their complexity and varied effects (calcium metabolism, stress proteins, etc.). This study should be useful as a

Plants

reference for researchers conducting epidemiological studies and the long-term experiments, using whole organisms, to observe the effects of RF-EMRs.

Reduction in growth, weight, water content, increase in membrane damage and antioxidant activity in mung bean and wheat seedlings due to cell phone EMR

Afzal, M. and Mansoor, S. (2012) Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4(2): 149-152. Effect of Mobile Phone Radiations on Morphological and Biochemical Parameters of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Seedlings

Observed the

morphological and biochemical changes induced by cell phone radiations on Mung bean (Vigna radiata) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings. Our results showed that cell phone EMR caused significant reduction in growth, fresh weight, dry weight, and relative water contents. Melondialdehyde [MDA] contents and changes in the

levels of antioxidant enzymes like Guaiacol Peroxidase (GPX), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), and Catalase (CAT) were increased in stressed seedlings as compared to unstressed seedlings. We concluded that radiations emitted by mobile phone can induce oxidative stress which results in reduced growth and increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in mung bean and wheat seedlings.

Plants

Tadpole deaths fue to EMRs from phone masts

Balmori A. Electromagn Biol Med. 2010 Jun;29(1-2):31-5. Mobile phone mast effects on common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles: the city turned into a laboratory.

Exposed eggs and tadpoles of the common frog (Rana temporaria) to electromagnetic radiation from several mobile (cell) phone antennae located at a distance of 140 meters. In the exposed group (n = 70), low coordination of movements, an asynchronous growth, resulting in both big and small tadpoles, and a high mortality (90%) was observed. Regarding the control group (n = 70) under the same conditions but inside a Faraday cage,

Frogs

the coordination of movements was normal, the development was synchronous, and a mortality of 4.2% was obtained. These results indicate that radiation emitted by phone masts in a real situation may affect the development and may cause an increase in mortality of exposed tadpoles. This research may have huge implications for the natural world, which is now exposed to high microwave radiation levels from a multitude of phone masts.

Standard

Technology Type

Reference value for public exposure /W/m2

Upper band Frequency

Concern level

ICNIRP standard

1G

4,000,000

800 MHz

No concern

ICNIRP standard

2G

9,500,000

1900 MHz

No concern

ICNIRP standard

3G

10,000,000

2100 MHz

No concern

ICNIRP standard

4G

10,000,000

2.6 GHz

No concern

ICNIRP standard

Wi-Fi

10,000,000

2.5 GHz

No concern

ICNIRP standard

Bluetooth

10,000,000

5 GHz

No concern

Building Biology Standard /

2G-4G, Wifi & Bluetooth

<1

800 GHz – 5 GHz

No concern

Building Biology Standard

2G-4G, Wifi & Bluetooth

1-10

800 GHz – 5 GHz

Slight concern

Building Biology Standard

2G-4G, Wifi & Bluetooth

10-1000

800 GHz – 5 GHz

Severe concern

Austrian Medical Association (AMA)

2G-4G, Wifi & Bluetooth

<1

800 GHz – 5 GHz

Within normal limits

Austrian Medical Association (AMA)

2G-4G, Wifi & Bluetooth

1-10

800 GHz – 5 GHz

Slightly above normal

Austrian Medical Association (AMA)

2G-4G, Wifi & Bluetooth

10-1000

800 GHz – 5 GHz

Far above normal

Austrian Medical Association (AMA)

2G-4G, Wifi & Bluetooth

>1000

800 GHz – 5 GHz

Very far above normal

Device Type

Recommendations

Cell Phones / Smartphones on Cellular Networks

1. Network: For internet connectivity, prefer Wi-Fi. If not available prefer to use 4G networks for both calling and browsing/ data streaming.
2. Calling.: Use wired headphones and keep the phone at least 1m away while calling.

3. Browsing / Video Streaming: Keep device on a table / platform at least 50 cm away

Wi-Fi Devices

1. Prefer smartphones over laptops for casual work such as emails/ browsing.
2. Keep smartphone / laptop on a table and operate from an arm’s distance. 3. Avoid keeping a smartphone in the pocket while it is connected to a Wi-Fi router.
4. Avoid keeping laptop on the lap while it is connected to a Wi-Fi router.
5. Wireless (Adhoc transfer): Stay at least 1m away from both sender and receiver.
6. 4G wireless hotspot: Stay at least 2m away from the device while it is active.

Bluetooth Devices

1. Speakers: Keep speakers at least 25cm away and connected smartphones at least 50cm away.
2. Smartwatch : Avoid unless absolutely necessary.
3. Earphones: Avoid unless absolutely necessary.